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# tocID <- "BIN-Storing_data.R"
#
# Purpose: A Bioinformatics Course:
# R code accompanying the BIN-Storing_data unit
#
# Version: 1.2
#
# Date: 2017-10 - 2020-09
# Author: Boris Steipe (boris.steipe@utoronto.ca)
#
# V 1.2 2020 updates. Finally removed stringAsFactors :-)
# V 1.1 Add instructions to retrieve UniProt ID from ID mapping service.
# V 1.0 First live version, complete rebuilt. Now using JSON data sources.
# V 0.1 First code copied from BCH441_A03_makeYFOlist.R
#
# TODO:
# The sameSpecies() approach is a bit of a hack - can we solve the
# species vs. strain issue in a more principled way?
#
# == HOW TO WORK WITH LEARNING UNIT FILES ======================================
#
# DO NOT SIMPLY source() THESE FILES!
#
# If there are portions you don't understand, use R's help system, Google for an
# answer, or ask your instructor. Don't continue if you don't understand what's
# going on. That's not how it works ...
#
# ==============================================================================
#TOC> ==========================================================================
#TOC>
#TOC> Section Title Line
#TOC> -----------------------------------------------------------------------
#TOC> 1 A Relational Datamodel in R: review 59
#TOC> 1.1 Building a sample database structure 99
#TOC> 1.1.1 completing the database 205
#TOC> 1.2 Querying the database 238
#TOC> 1.3 Task: submit for credit (part 1/2) 269
#TOC> 2 Implementing the protein datamodel 291
#TOC> 2.1 JSON formatted source data 317
#TOC> 2.2 "Sanitizing" sequence data 358
#TOC> 2.3 Create a protein table for our data model 380
#TOC> 2.3.1 Initialize the database 382
#TOC> 2.3.2 Add data 394
#TOC> 2.4 Complete the database 414
#TOC> 2.4.1 Examples of navigating the database 441
#TOC> 2.5 Updating the database 473
#TOC> 3 Add your own data 485
#TOC> 3.1 Find a protein 493
#TOC> 3.2 Put the information into JSON files 523
#TOC> 3.3 Create an R script to create your own database 546
#TOC> 3.3.1 Check and validate 569
#TOC> 3.4 Task: submit for credit (part 2/2) 614
#TOC>
#TOC> ==========================================================================
# = 1 A Relational Datamodel in R: review =================================
# A disclaimer at first: we are not building an industry-strength database at
# all here - but we are employing principles of such a database to keep common
# types of lab-data well organized. Don't think of this as emulating or even
# replacing a "real" database, but think of this as improving the ad hoc
# approaches we normally employ to store data in the lab. That does not mean
# such ad hoc approaches are necessarily bad - the best solution always depends
# on your objectives, the details of your tasks, and the context in which you
# are working.
# The principle we follow in implementing a relational data model is to build a
# list of dataframes . This list is our "database":
# - Each _entity_ of the datamodel is a dataframe. In an SQL database, these
# would also be called "tables". In a spreadsheet this would be a "sheet".
# - Each instance of an entity, i.e. one stored _item_, is a row of the data
# frame. In an SQL database this would be a record. In a spreadsheet this is
# a row.
# - Each _attribute_ of an entity is is a column of the dataframe. In an SQL
# database this is a column, in a spreadsheet too.
# - This doesn't necessarily solve the question of how we will store and curate
# our source data - we will defer that to later. At first we talk only about
# data representation internal to our R session, where we need it for
# processing and analysis.
# Lets review syntax for creating and accessing such a structure, a list of data
# frames. You'll have to be absolutely confident with this, or you'll get lost
# in all the later learning units. We'll start from a compact example, a tiny
# database of philosophers to keep things brief. That database will have three
# tables: person, works and book. Person stores biographical data, book stores
# books, and works is a join table associating persons with their work. You
# should already be familiar with "join tables" and why we need them. This is
# the structure:
#
# person: id, name, born, died, school
# book: id, title, published
# works: id, person$id, book$id
# Perhaps draw out this schema to make things more clear.
# == 1.1 Building a sample database structure ==============================
# Let's build this structure.
philDB <- list() # This is an empty list
# This is a data frame that we initialize with two philosophers
x <- data.frame(id = c(1,2),
name = c("Laozi", "Martin Heidegger"),
born = c(NA, "1889"),
died = c("531 BCE", "1976"),
school = c("Daoism", "Phenomenology"))
str(x)
# Lets add the dataframe to the philDB list and call it "person" there.
philDB[["person"]] <- x
str(philDB)
# and let's remove x so we don't mix up things later.
rm(x)
# We can address elements with the usual subsetting operators. I will use
# the $ operator for tables and columns, the [] operator for elements in
# columns. For example ...
philDB$person$name[1] # Laozi
# task: Write an expression that returns all "school" entries from the
# person table.
# Let's now add another person. There are several ways to do this, the
# conceptually cleanest is to create a one-row dataframe with the data, and
# rbind() it to the existing dataframe. Doing this, we must take care that
# the data frame column names are identical. What happens if they are not?
# Let's find out:
(x <- data.frame(a=1:4, b=11:14))
(y <- data.frame(a=6, c=17))
rbind(x, y)
(y <- data.frame(a=6, b=17))
rbind(x, y)
# All clear? That's good - this behaviour provides us with a sanity check on the
# operation. Incidentally: rbind(x, y) did NOT change the table ...
x
# rather rbind() had the chnaged table as its return value and that's why it
# was printed. To actually change the table, you need to ASSIGN the return
# value of rbind() ... like so:
x <- rbind(x, y)
# To continue ...
(x <- data.frame(id = 2,
name = "Zhuangzi",
born = "369 BCE",
died = "286 BCE",
school = "Daoism"))
# Add this to the "person" table in our database with rbind() ...
philDB$person <- rbind(philDB$person, x)
# ... and examine the result:
str(philDB)
# We made a serious error in our data! Did you spot it?
#
# If not, look at ...
philDB$person$id
# ... does that look oK?
#
# Absolutely not! "id" is the Primary Key in the table, and it has to be
# unique. How can we guarantee it to be unique? Certainly not when we
# enter it by hand. We need a function that generates a unique key. Here's
# a simple version, without any error-checking. It assumes that a column
# named "id" exists in the table, and that it holds the Primary Keys:
autoincrement <- function(table) {
return(max(table$id) + 1)
}
#Try it:
autoincrement(philDB$person)
# Once that is clear, let's remove the Zhuangzi entry and recreate it correctly.
# Many ways to remove, here we use a logical expression to select matching
# record(s), apply the results to subset the data frame, and overwrite the
# existing table with the new one.
sel <- !(philDB$person$name == "Zhuangzi") # select ...
philDB$person <- philDB$person[sel, ] # ... and replace
str(philDB)
# Now let's add Zhuangzi with correct data. Note how we use the autoincrement
# function for the id
x <- data.frame(id = autoincrement(philDB$person),
name = "Zhuangzi",
born = "369 BCE",
died = "286 BCE",
school = "Daoism")
philDB$person <- rbind(philDB$person, x)
str(philDB)
# So far so good. Be honest with yourself. If you didn't follow any of this,
# go back, re-read, play with it, and ask for help. These are the foundations.
# === 1.1.1 completing the database
# Next I'll add one more person, and create the other two tables:
x <- data.frame(id = autoincrement(philDB$person),
name = "Kongzi",
born = "551 BCE",
died = "479 BCE",
school = "Confucianism")
philDB$person <- rbind(philDB$person, x)
# a table of major works ...
philDB[["books"]] <- data.frame(id = 1:5,
title = c("Zhuangzi",
"Analects",
"Being and Time",
"Daodejing",
"On the Way to Language"),
published = c("300 BCE",
"220 BCE",
"1927",
"530 BCE",
"1959"))
# a "join" table that links works and their author ...
philDB[["works"]] <- data.frame(id = 1:5,
personID = c(3, 4, 2, 1, 2),
bookID = c(1, 2, 3, 4, 5))
str(philDB)
# == 1.2 Querying the database =============================================
# To retrieve data, we need to subset tables, possibly based on conditions we
# find in other tables. Sometimes we can simply get the information, e.g.
# all names ...
philDB$person$name
# ... or all book titles ...
philDB$books$title
# ... but sometimes we need to cross-reference information via join tables. Here
# is an example where we list authors and their works, sorted alphabetically by
# author:
(sel <- order(philDB$person$name)) # check out ?order and describe to
# someone you know what it does, so that
# you are sure you understand it. Its
# indirection can be a bit tricky to
# understand.
( pID <- philDB$person$id[sel] )
sel <- numeric() # initialize the vector
for (ID in pID) {
sel <- which(philDB$works$personID == ID) # get all rows for which
# the condition is TRUE
cat(sprintf("%s: ", philDB$person$name[ID])) # output the person
cat(sprintf("\"%s\" ", philDB$books$title[sel])) # output the book
cat("\n")
}
# Examine the intermediate results and trace the logic until this is clear.
# == 1.3 Task: submit for credit (part 1/2) ================================
# Write code that adds another philosopher to the datamodel:
# Immanuel Kant, (1724 - 1804), Enlightenment Philosophy.
# Works: Critique of Pure Reason (1781), Critique of Judgement (1790)
# Paste your code into your submission page. Enclose it in <pre> ... </pre>
# tags.
#
# Write and submit code that lists the philosophical schools in
# alphabetical order, and the books associated with them, also
# alphabetically. Format your output like:
# Confucianism
# Analects - (220 BCE)
# Daoism
# Daodejing - (530 BCE)
# ... etc.
#
# Show the output of your code. Make sure the code itself is enclosed
# in <pre> ... </pre> tags.
# = 2 Implementing the protein datamodel ==================================
# Working with the code above has probably illustrated a few concerns about
# curating data and storing it for analysis. In particular the join tables
# seem problematic - figuring out the correct IDs, it's easy to make
# mistakes.
# - Data needs to be captured in a human-readable form so it can be verified
# and validated;
# - Some aspects of the database should _never_ be done by hand because
# errors are easy to make and hard to see. That essentially includes
# every operation that has to do with abstract, primary keys;
# - Elementary operations we need to support are: adding data, selecting
# data, modifying data and deleting data.
# We will therefore construct our protein database in the following way:
# - For each table, we will keep the primary information in JSON files. There
# it is easy to read, edit if needed, and modify it.
# - We will use simple scripts to read the JSON data and assemble it in
# our database for further analysis.
# - I have constructed initial files for yeast Mbp1 and nine other reference
# species.
# - I have written a small number of utility functions to read those files
# and assemble them into a database.
# == 2.1 JSON formatted source data ========================================
# Have a look at the structure of the yeast Mbp1 protein data:
file.show("./data/MBP1_SACCE.json")
# - The whole thing is an array: [ ... ]. This is not necessary for a single
# object, but we will have more objects in other files. And it's perfectly
# legal to have an array with a single element.
# - The data is formatted as "key" : "value" pairs inside an object { ... }.
# This keeps the association between data items and their semantics
# explicit.
# - All keys are strings and they are unique in the object.
# - Values are mostly single strings and integers ...
# - ... except for "sequence". That one is an array of strings. Why? This is to
# make it easier to format and maintain the data. JSON does not allow line
# breaks within strings, but the strings we copy/paste from Genbank or other
# sources might have line breaks, sequence numbers etc. So we need to
# sanitize the sequence at some point. But since we need to do that
# anyway, it is easier to see the whole sequence if we store it in chunks.
# The .utilities.R script that get's loaded whenever you open this project
# has already made sure the "jsonlite" package exists on your computer. This
# package supports our work with .json formatted data.
if (! requireNamespace("jsonlite", quietly = TRUE)) {
install.packages("jsonlite")
}
# Package information:
# library(help = jsonlite) # basic information
# browseVignettes("jsonlite") # available vignettes
# data(package = "jsonlite") # available datasets
x <- jsonlite::fromJSON("./data/MBP1_SACCE.json")
str(x)
x$name
unlist(x$sequence)
# == 2.2 "Sanitizing" sequence data ========================================
# Examine the dbSanitizeSequence() function:
dbSanitizeSequence
# Try:
dbSanitizeSequence(c("GAA", "ttc"))
dbSanitizeSequence("MsnQ00%0 I@#>YSary S
G1 V2DV3Y>")
x <- "
1 msnqiysary sgvdvyefih stgsimkrkk ddwvnathil kaanfakakr trilekevlk
61 ethekvqggf gkyqgtwvpl niakqlaekf svydqlkplf dftqtdgsas pppapkhhha
121 skvdrkkair sastsaimet krnnkkaeen qfqsskilgn ptaaprkrgr pvgstrgsrr
...
" # copy/paste from Genbank
dbSanitizeSequence(x)
# == 2.3 Create a protein table for our data model =========================
# === 2.3.1 Initialize the database
# The function dbInit contains all the code to return a list of empty
# data frames for our data model.
dbInit
myDB <- dbInit()
str(myDB)
# === 2.3.2 Add data
# fromJSON() returns a dataframe that we can readily process to add data
# to our table. Have a look at the function to add protein entries:
dbAddProtein
myDB <- dbAddProtein(myDB, jsonlite::fromJSON("./data/MBP1_SACCE.json"))
str(myDB)
# Lets check that the 833 amino acids of the yeast MBP1 sequence have
# safely arrived. Note the genral idiom we use here to retrieve the data:
# we define a boolean vector that satisfies a condition, then we subset
# a column with that vector.
sel <- myDB$protein$name == "MBP1_SACCE"
nchar(myDB$protein$sequence[sel])
# == 2.4 Complete the database =============================================
# Completing the database with Mbp1 data and data for 9 other "reference"
# species is more of the same. I have assembled the code in a script
# "./scripts/ABC-createRefDB.R" - open it, check it out, and then source it.
# It's really very simple, just reading some prepared files of data I have
# formatted with JSON, and assembling the data in our data model.
#
# The code is also very simple and in particular there is no checking for errors
# or inconsistencies. Have a look:
# Totally straightforward ...
dbAddTaxonomy
dbAddFeature
# Just slightly more complex, since we need to match the protein or feature
# name in the JSON file with its internal ID, and, when doing that confirm
# that it CAN be matched and that the match is UNIQUE
dbAddAnnotation
# Now: create the database
source("./scripts/ABC-createRefDB.R")
str(myDB)
# === 2.4.1 Examples of navigating the database
# You can look at the contents of the tables in the usual way we access
# elements from lists and dataframes. Here are some examples:
myDB$protein
myDB$protein$RefSeqID
myDB$protein[,"name"]
myDB$taxonomy
myDB$taxonomy$species
biCode(myDB$taxonomy$species)
# Comparing two tables:
# Are all of the taxonomyIDs in the protein table present in the
# taxonomy table? We ought to check, because the way we imported the
# data from JSON objects, we could have omitted or forgotten some. But we can
# check this with one simple expression. Unravel it and study its components.
all(myDB$protein$taxonomyID %in% myDB$taxonomy$ID)
# If this is not TRUE, you MUST fix the problem before continuing.
# Cross-referencing information:
# What is the species name of the protein whose name is "MBP1_COPCI"?
sel <- myDB$protein$name == "MBP1_COPCI"
x <- myDB$protein$taxonomyID[sel]
sel <- myDB$taxonomy$ID == x
myDB$taxonomy$species[sel]
# == 2.5 Updating the database =============================================
# Basic tasks for databases include retrieving data, selecting data, updating
# and deleting data. Here we will take a simple, pedestrian approach:
#
# In case we need to modify any of the data, we modify it in the JSON file
# save that, and recreate the database. The myDB database will only be
# used for analysis.
#
# = 3 Add your own data ===================================================
# You have defined a genome sequence fungus as "MYSPE", and your final task
# will be to find the protein in MYSPE that is most similar to yeast Mbp1, and
# to enter its information into the database.
# == 3.1 Find a protein ====================================================
# The BLAST algorithm will be properly introduced in a later learning unit -
# for now just use it in the following way:
#
# - Navigate to https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi and click on
# Protein BLAST.
# - Enter NP_010227 into the "Query Sequence" field.
# - Choose "Reference proteins (refseq_protein)" as the "Database" in the
# "Choose Search Set" section.
# - Paste the MYSPE species name into the "Organism" field.
#
# - Click the "BLAST" button.
# You will probably get more than one result. If you get dozens of results or
# more, or if you get no results, something went wrong. Reconsider whether the
# problem was with your input, try something different, or ask for help.
# Otherwise, look for the top-hit in the "Descriptions" tab In some cases
# there will be more than one hit with nearly similar E-values. If this is the
# case for MYSPE, choose the one with the higher degree of similarity (more
# identities) with the N-terminus of the query - i.e. the Query sequence of
# the first ~ 100 amino acids.
# - Follow the link to the protein data page, linked from "Accession".
# - From there, in a separate tab, open the link to the taxonomy database page
# for MYSPE which is linked from the "ORGANISM" record.
# == 3.2 Put the information into JSON files ===============================
# - Next make a copy of the file "./data/MBP1_SACCE.json" in your project
# directory and give it a new name that corresponds to MYSPE - e.g. if
# MYSPE is called "Crptycoccus neoformans", your file should be called
# "MBP1_CRYNE.json"; in that case "MBP1_CRYNE" would also be the
# "name" of your protein. Open the file in the RStudio editor and replace
# all of the MBP1_SACCE data with the corresponding data of your protein.
#
# The UniProt ID may not be discoverable from the NCBI page. To retrieve
# it, navigate to http://www.uniprot.org/mapping/ , paste your RefSeq ID
# into the query field, make sure "RefSeqProtein" is selected for "From"
# and "UniProtKB" is selected for "To", and click "Go". In case this does
# not retrieve a single UniProt ID, contact me.
#
# - Do a similar thing for the MYSPE taxonomy entry. Copy
# "./data/refTaxonomy.json" and make a new file named "MYSPEtaxonomy.json".
# Create a valid JSON file with only one single entry - that of MYSPE.
#
# - Validate your two files online at https://jsonlint.com/
# == 3.3 Create an R script to create your own database ====================
# Next: to create your own database.
# - Make a new R script, call it "makeProteinDB.R"
# - enter the following expression as the first command:
# source("./scripts/ABC-createRefDB.R")
# - than add the two commands that add your protein and taxonomy data,
# they should look like:
# myDB <- dbAddProtein( myDB, fromJSON("MBP1_<code>.json"))
# myDB <- dbAddTaxonomy( myDB, fromJSON("MYSPEtaxonomy.json"))
#
# - save the file in the ./myScripts/ folder and source() it:
# source("./myScripts/makeProteinDB.R")
# This command needs to be executed whenever you recreate
# the database. In particular, whenver you have added or modified data
# in any of the JSON files. Later you will add more information ...
# Remember this principle. Don't rely on objects in memory - you might
# "break" them with a code experiment. But always have a script with
# which you can create what you need.
# === 3.3.1 Check and validate
# Is your protein named according to the pattern "MBP1_MYSPE"? It should be.
# And does the taxonomy table contain the systematic name? It should be the same
# that you get when you type MYSPE into the console.
# Let's compute sequence lengths on the fly (with the function nchar() ), and
# open this with the table viewer function View()
View(cbind(myDB$protein[ , c("ID", "name", "RefSeqID")],
length = nchar(myDB$protein$sequence)))
# Does your protein appear in the last row of this table? Where does your
# protein's length fall relative to the reference proteins? About the same? Much
# shorter? Much longer? If it is less then 500 amino acids long, I would suspect
# an error. Contact me for advice.
# Is that the right sequence? Is it the same as the one on the NCBI protein
# database page?
myDB$protein$sequence[nrow(myDB$protein)]
# If not, don't continue! Fix the problem first.
# Let me repeat: If this does not give you the right sequence of the MYSPE
# Mbp1 homologue, DO NOT CONTINUE. Fix the problem.
# Is that the right taxonomy ID and binomial name for MYSPE?
# This question may be a bit non-trivial ... MYSPE is a species, but the
# recorded taxonomy ID may be a strain. We have a utility function,
# sameSpecies() that normalizes organism name to the binomial species.
#
sel <- sameSpecies(myDB$taxonomy$species, MYSPE)
myDB$taxonomy[sel, ]
# If not, or if the result was "<0 rows> ... " then DO NOT CONTINUE.
# Fix the problem first.
# Does this give you the right refseq ID for MBP1_MYSPE?
sel <- myDB$protein$name == paste0("MBP1_", biCode(MYSPE))
myDB$protein$RefSeqID[sel]
# If not, or if the result was "<0 rows> ... " then DO NOT CONTINUE.
# Fix the problem first.
# == 3.4 Task: submit for credit (part 2/2) ================================
# - On your submission page, note the E-value of your protein and link
# to its NCBI protein database page.
# - Copy and paste the contents of your two JSON files on your submission
# page on the Student Wiki. Make sure they are enclosed in <pre> ... </pre>
# tags.
# - Execute the three commands below and show the result on your submission page
biCode(myDB$taxonomy$species) %in% biCode(MYSPE)
sel <- sameSpecies(myDB$taxonomy$species, MYSPE)
myDB$protein$taxonomyID %in% myDB$taxonomy$ID[sel]
# That is all.
# [END]
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